Relationship between metabolic rate and life expectancy in different groups of organisms

[Resumen] Los intentos por explicar el proceso de envejecimiento han llevado a los científicos a plantear numerosas teorías, en las que se pretende no sólo dilucidar los mecanismos celulares implicados, sino también justificar la gran variabilidad que existe en la esperanza de vida de los organismos. Desde el estudio pionero de Pearl sobre la “tasa de vida”, seguido por Harman con el estrés oxidativo, el metabolismo ha tenido un fuerte protagonismo, de una forma u otra, en las teorías sobre el envejecimiento. En este trabajo describo cómo ha ido evolucionando el concepto sobre la relación entre estas dos variables, metabolismo y esperanza de vida, en los estudios más influyentes. Finalmente, se realiza una crítica sobre los métodos más estudiados para aumentar la longevidad, como la restricción calórica o la ingesta de antioxidantes.[Abstract] Attempts to explain the aging process have led scientists to propose a large variety of theories, which aims not only to elucidate the cellular mechanisms, but also to justify the great variability between species´ life spans. Since the pioneering studies of Pearl on the "rate of living", followed by Harman with the oxidative stress, metabolism has had a strong role, in one way or another, in aging theories. This work describes how the relationship of these two variables, metabolism and life span, has evolved through the most influential studies. Finally, a review of the most studied methods to increase longevity is done, such as caloric restriction and antioxidants intake.Traballo fin de grao (UDC.CIE). Bioloxía. Curso 2014/201

Estrategias de comunicación virtual en la RSC

En este artículo, revisamos los distintos tipos de comunicación de la RSC, desde la simple información hasta la participación en la generación de la RSC a través del diálogo. La gestión de la comunicación y la identificación con los intereses de los diferentes agentes permite diferenciar diferentes niveles de compromiso y colaboración, que incluye estrategias de información, persuasión y diálogo diferentes. Este diálogo puede ser virtual, por lo que analizamos las características para poder gestionarlo. Finalmente, revisamos la situación actual de un agente, en particular, los sindicatos en España, para considerarlos como agentes interesados en la generación de estrategias de dialogo virtual como herramienta para desarrollar la RSC. La escasa experiencia sindical en torno a la RSC puede verse desarrollada a través de estrategias de comunicación virtual que permite a los diferentes agentes contactar y dialogar de forma ágil. La vida real de la gestión de las decisiones estratégicas en RSC revela que está lejos de las teorías en donde se señala lo beneficioso que es implicar a los diferentes agentes. Las vías de comunicación siguen el camino de la información, llegar al diálogo parece difícil

University knowledge transfer office and social responsibility

Numerous studies and reviews about University Knowledge Transfer Offices (UKTO) have been written, but there are few that focus on Social Responsibility (SR). We present a systematic review of the research on both fields. We consider not only logics from agency theory and resource-based view, but also the dynamic approach from institutional theory, as they aim to generate sustainable economic and social value. The evolution of Knowledge Transfer Offices depends on their role as brokers of collaborations among different stakeholders, according to their mission and capacity to confront the innovation gap. We follow the line of SR viewed as a response to the specific demands of large stakeholders. Building upon recent conceptualizations of different theories, we develop an integrative model for understanding the institutional effects of the UKTO on university social responsibilit

Abbreviations in medieval medical manuscripts

Understanding the large number of abbreviations present in any medieval manuscript is one of the essential skills required by any knowledgeable palaeographer. English medieval manuscripts contain a great variety of abbreviations which were transferred from Latin and applied to the vernacular. As a result, their reasonably standard Latin system lost consistency. Editorial practice should avoid intervention, as it may detract from the originality and the text distinct and stylistic features. However, it is crucial to expand abbreviations coherently to carry out further analysis from a historical linguistic perspective. Thus, this article aims to demonstrate how the way in which a palaeographer transcribes specific abbreviations has an impact on the establishment of the dialectal provenance of a Middle English manuscript. In order to do so, we shall analyse the abbreviations extracted from a corpus of medical manuscripts and bring to light their relevance as far as English historical dialectology is concerned

The circulation and transmission of pseudo-Hippocratic lunaries in Middle English

The aim of the present study is to localise the language of five copies of the pseudo-Hippocratic lunary Þe Booke of Ypocras according to the methodology of LALME, which will show the circulation and textual transmission of the treatise. Lunaries were a well-known prognostic genre in Middle English when they were translated from Latin (Taavitsainen 2012: 93). Nonetheless, many of them are unexplored thus far, because their brevity and transmission along with other prestigious medical writings have made them invisible. Firstly, we have transcribed the five parallel texts ? BL Additional MS 12195, BL Sloane MS 73, GUL Hunter MS 513, BL Harley MS 2378 and Royal College of Physicians MS 384 ? and secondly examined the language of each one. Finally, we have collated and compared them to identify their language of provenance. This research is part of a project that aims to identify the English versions of the treatise and to group the manuscripts genetically in relation to the original texts

Vocabulario químico en los manuscritos médicos del inglés medio

Hunt (1990: 19) has claimed that in medical recipes “mineral and chemical elements are unusual”. Even if the number of elements cannot be compared to the estimated 1,800 plant names attested in Middle English (Sauer 2011: 57), our research reveals that in Middle English medical manuscripts, there is a good number of chemical items including substances like metals and their compounds, extracts from plants, medical earth and man-made medical ingredients. A comprehensive linguistic analysis of the entire material containing these substances in medieval medical manuscripts has yet to be carried out. In order to study the lexis of chemical ingredients, a corpus of about 215,000 words has been specially compiled from different British libraries. The aim is to undertake a linguistic analysis of the lexicon of this field in Middle English based on the data retrieved from representative authentic sources, most of which has never been published. We examine the provenance of the nouns according to their etymology to check whether they are borrowings or native words in the case of simplex terms. We also analyse the structure and the constituents present in nominal combinations according to the usual taxonomies based on Bauer (1983 and 2017) and Marchand (1969), but specialised classifications on the topic are also used (Norri, 1991).Hunt (1990: 19) afirmó que en las recetas médicas los elementos químicos y minerales son inusuales. Aunque el número de elementos no puede compararse con los 1.800 nombres de plantas autentificados en inglés medio (Sauer 2011: 57), nuestra investigación revela que en manuscritos médicos escritos en inglés medio hay un abundante número de términos químicos que incluyen sustancias como metales y sus compuestos, extractos de plantas e ingredientes médicos sintéticos. Por ello, es necesario llevar a cabo un exhaustivo análisis lingüístico en manuscritos médicos medievales que contengan estas sustancias. Para llevar a cabo el estudio del léxico de ingredientes químicos, hemos recopilado un corpus formado por manuscritos de diferentes bibliotecas británicas de aproximadamente 215.000 palabras. Nuestro objetivo es llevar a cabo un análisis lingüístico del léxico de este campo en inglés medio, basado en los datos extraídos de fuentes auténticas, la mayoría de las cuales no han sido nunca publicadas. Hemos examinado la procedencia de los nombres según su etimología para comprobar cuándo se trataba de préstamos o de palabras nativas en el caso de los términos simples. También hemos analizado la estructura y constituyentes de los grupos nominales según las taxonomías de Bauer (1983 and 2017) y Norri (1991)

Fuzzy reasoning in K-means classification method

4 pages, no figures.-- Contributed to: 1999 EUSFLAT-ESTYLF Joint Conference (Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Sep 22-25, 1999).Domain analysis tries to reuse software in an effective way. New methodologies are starting to be able to automate the process, in different degrees, with the construction of a domain model for each problem. The general process is divided into several phases. One of the most diffcult tasks is the generation of the relationships which have to be defined between the components in the domain. In this paper the use of fuzzy logic and a statistical classification method in order to get the semantic relationships for each pair of components is presented.Publicad

Characterizing the Mitogenome of the Endemic Bumblebee Subspecies from the Canary Islands for Conservation Purposes

The taxonomic status of Bombus terrestris subspecies is complex and has deep implications in the management of commercial bumblebees for crop pollination as well as in the establishment of appropriate conservation plans. Herein, the complete mitogenome of the endemic Canary Islands subspecies Bombus terrestris canariensis is newly sequenced and compared with available mitochondrial sequences in order to shed light into its taxonomic status. The mitochondrial genome was 17,300 bp in length and contained 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs and a partial sequence of the AT rich control region. The phylogenetic analysis of PCGs of the mitogenome was congruent with its subspecific status and a close relationship with the North African subspecies africanus as previously suggested. The sequencing of the mitogenome of B. t. canariensis provides useful genetic information to study the conservation genetics and genetic diversity of these island bumblebee populations

Inter-particle connections development during sintering of Cr-Mo-alloyed steel powder in N2/H2 atmosphere

Powder metallurgy is one of the oldest metal processing techniques; it is a manufacturing process that is based on the production of metal, ceramic or composite components from powders. Manufacturing of ferrous powder metallurgy precision parts has increased in the last decades, in particular for automotive applications. The properties of a component manufacture by PM techniques may be tailored or improved by the addition of alloying elements; chromium and molybdenum are widely used in conventional metallurgy as alloying elements, but the tendency of chromium to form stable oxides and the decrease in compressibility it produces, have restricted its use in powder metallurgy. However, low chromium alloyed steels meet all the requirements for most structural components and for the market needs, so research and development of these steels is being carried out nowadays. In this study, specimens of the same composition (pre-alloyed water atomized powder of low Cr-Mo content) were sintered in a 90N2/10H2 atmosphere during 3 minutes and at different temperatures from 700°C to 1120°C. Two additional samples were sintered at 1120°C during 15 and 30 minutes each. Impact test was performed in all the specimens in order to produce fracture surfaces, which were studied using High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HRSEM) and EDX analysis. Microstructural investigation was carried out as well. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of the sintering temperature and time on both the inter-particle necks development and the inclusions evolution. It was found that Inter-particle necks development is enhanced with sintering temperature and time and that the reduction of the Fe-oxide layer on the powder particles is a pre-condition for the formation of solid metallic contacts. Furthermore, different failure mechanisms were found with increasing sintering temperature. It was also found that the morphology and size of the inclusions change with increasing sintering temperature and time.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------La pulvimetalurgia es una de las técnicas de procesamiento de materiales metálicos más antiguas: consiste en un proceso de fabricación para la producción de componentes metálicos, cerámicos o de materiales compuestos a partir de polvos. La fabricación de piezas fabricadas a partir de polvos férreos se ha incrementado en las últimas décadas, en especial en la fabricación de elementos para la industria del automóvil. Las propiedades de un componente fabricado por PM pueden ser ajustadas o mejoradas mediante la adición de elementos de aleación: cromo y molibdeno han sido ampliamente utilizados en la metalurgia convencional como aleantes, pero la tendencia del cromo para formar óxidos de cromo muy estables y el decremento en compresibilidad que produce han limitado su uso en pulvimetalurgia. Sin embargo, los aceros aleados con bajo contenido en cromo cumplen todos los requerimientos necesarios para la mayoría de los componentes estructurales y para las necesidades del mercado, por lo que investigación y desarrollo de este tipo de aceros se está desarrollando en estos últimos años. En este estudio, probetas de la misma composición (polvos pre-aleados fabricados mediante atomización en agua con bajo contenido en cromo y molibdeno) fueron sinterizadas en atmósfera de 90N2/10H2 durante tres minutos y a diferentes temperaturas desde 700 hasta 1120ºC. Asimismo, dos probetas adicionales se sinterizaron a 1120ºC durante 15 y 30 minutos respectivamente. Las probetas fueron sometidas a ensayo de fractura para producir superficies de fractura, que fueron estudiadas mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y microscopía óptica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la temperatura y tiempo de sinterización en la evolución de los cuellos entre partículas y de las inclusiones. Se ha encontrado que el desarrollo de los cuellos entre partículas se ve incrementado con un aumento en la temperatura y el tiempo de sinterización y que la reducción de la capa superficial de óxido de hierro en las partículas es condición necesaria para la formación de contactos sólidos entre partículas. Además, se han encontrado diferentes mecanismos de fallo al aumentar la temperatura de sinterización. También ha podido comprobarse como la morfología y tamaño de las inclusiones cambia al aumentar la temperatura de sinterización y el tiempo, lo que puede suponer el punto de partida para investigaciones futuras.Ingeniería Industria